362
Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam
u — like the  u  in push. 
  ū — like the  u  in rule but held twice as long as short  u . 
  ṛ — like the  ri  in rim. 
  ř — like  ree  in  reed . 
  ļ — like  l  followed by  ṛ  ( lṛ ). 
  e — like the  e  in they. 
  ai — like the  ai  in  aisle . 
  o — like the  o  in go. 
  au — like the  ow  in how.
ṁ ( anusvāra ) — a resonant nasal like the  n  in the French word  bon . 
  ḥ ( visarga ) — a final  h -sound:  aḥ  is pronounced like  aha ;  iḥ  like  ihi .
The vowels are written as follows after a consonant:
ī  ā  ſ  i  ī  ī  u   u   u   e   r   e   ř   e   a   i   o   ř   a u
For example:  क  ka  का  kā  कि  ki  की  kī  कु  ku  कू  kū
कृ  kṛ  कृ  kř.  के  ke  कै  kai  को  ko  कौ  kau
The vowel “a” is implied after a consonant with no vowel symbol.
The symbol virāma (^) indicates that there is no final vowel:  क्
The consonants are pronounced as follows:
k — as in  kite  
 jh — as in  hedgehog  
 
 
 kh — as in  Eckhart  
 ñ — as in  canyon  
 
 
 g — as in  give  
 ṭ — as in  tub  
 
 
 gh — as in  dig-hard  
 ṭh — as in  light-heart  
 
 
 ṅ — as in  sing  
 ḍ — as in  dove  
 
 
 c — as in  chair  
 ḍha- as in  red-hot  
 
 
 ch — as in  staunch-heart  
 ṇ — as  rna  (prepare to say the  r  and say  na ). 
 
 
 j — as in  joy
Cerebrals are pronounced with tongue to roof of mouth, but the following dentals are pronounced with tongue against teeth:
t — as in  tub  but with tongue against teeth. 
  th — as in  light-heart  but with tongue against teeth.