330
Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam
u — like the  u  in push
ū — like the  u  in rule but held twice as long as short  u
ṛ — like the  ri  in rim
ī — like  ree  in reed
ḷ — like  l  followed by  ṛ  ( lṛ )
e — like the  e  in they
ai — like the  ai  in  aisle
o — like the  o  in go
au — like the  ow  in how
ṁ ( anusvāra ) — a resonant nasal like the  n  in the French word  bon
ḥ ( visarga ) — a final  h -sound:  aḥ  is pronounced like  aha ;  iḥ  like  ihi
The vowels are written as follows after a consonant:
Γ   ā   ſ   i   ſ   ī   u   u   u   u   e   ṛ   ɛ   ṛ   e   e   a   i   o   ī   a u
For example:  क   ka   का   kā   कि   ki   की   kī   कु   ku   कू   kū
कृ   kṛ   कृ   kṛ   के   ke   कै   kai   को   ko   कौ   kau
The vowel “a” is implied after a consonant with no vowel symbol.
The symbol virāma (^) indicates that there is no final vowel:  क्
The consonants are pronounced as follows:
k — as in  kite
jh — as in  hedgehog
kh — as in  Eckhart
ñ — as in  canyon
g — as in  give
ṭ — as in  tub
gh — as in  dig-hard
ṭh — as in  light-heart
ṅ — as in  sing
ḍ — as in  dove
c — as in  chair
ḍha — as in  red-hot
ch — as in  staunch-heart
ṇ — as in  rna  (prepare to say
j — as in  joy
the  r  and say  na )
Cerebrals are pronounced with tongue to roof of mouth, but the following dentals are pronounced with tongue against teeth:
t — as in  tub  but with tongue against teeth
th — as in  light-heart  but with tongue against teeth