294
Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam
u — like the  u  in push.
ū — like the  u  in rule but held twice as long as short  u .
ṛ — like the  ri  in rim.
ř — like  ree  in  reed .
ḷ — like  l  followed by  ṛ  ( lṛ ).
e — like the  e  in they.
ai — like the  ai  in  aisle .
o — like the  o  in  go .
au — like the  ow  in  how .
ṁ ( anusvāra ) — a resonant nasal like the  n  in the French word  bon .
ḥ ( visarga ) — a final  h -sound:  aḥ  is pronounced like  aha ;  iḥ  like  ihi .
The vowels are written as follows after a consonant:
ī  ā  ī  i  ī  ī  u  u  u  ū  e  ṛ  ɛ  ř  e   a  i  o   ī  au
For example:  क  ka  का  kā  कि  ki  की  kī  कु  ku  कू  kū
कृ  kṛ  कृ  kř  के  ke  कै  kai  को  ko  कौ  kau
The vowel “a” is implied after a consonant with no vowel symbol.
The symbol virāma (^) indicates that there is no final vowel:  क्
The consonants are pronounced as follows:
k — as in  kite
jh — as in  hedgehog
kh — as in  Eckhart
ñ — as in  canyon
g — as in  give
ṭ — as in  tub
gh — as in  dig-hard
ṭh — as in  light-heart
ṅ — as in  sing
ḍ — as in  dove
c — as in  chair
ḍha- as in  red-hot
ch — as in  staunch-heart
ṇ — as  rna  (prepare to say the  r  and say  na ).
Cerebrals are pronounced with tongue to roof of mouth, but the following dentals are pronounced with tongue against teeth:
t — as in  tub  but with tongue against teeth.
th — as in  light-heart  but with tongue against teeth.